Blog | Smile Digital Health

AI for Prior Authorization: The Right Way

Written by Smile Digital Health | Aug 21, 2026, 10:20:51 PM

Healthcare organizations are increasingly turning to AI-driven solutions to reduce administrative burdens and improve care outcomes across the ecosystem. The shift to AI-driven Prior Authorization is an area with immense potential for benefits and value, and almost equally high risks that need to be managed.

The Adoption Landscape


Integrating AI capabilities into Prior Authorization workflows aims to streamline and automate manual and severely time-consuming adjudication and claims processes.

 

Many Payers are looking to leverage AI to triage incoming requests, automate routine approvals, attempt to predict outcomes, and ensure that only complex cases require manual human review. Provider adoption of AI focuses on reducing their own administrative workload by auto-filling requests, extracting data directly from EHRs and clinical notes, and tracking request status in real-time.

Growing Concerns and Overlooked Risks


Despite the promise of efficiency, the use of AI in prior authorization is raising serious concerns. According to the AMA, 61% of physicians fear that the use of unregulated AI by Payers is increasing systemic prior authorization denials, potentially overriding medical judgment and harming patients.

These risks are tied to two often overlooked steps when introducing AI automation within Prior Authorization workflows. 

 

When these two areas are overlooked, assumed or unmanaged, AI integrations for Prior Authorization can exacerbate systemic biases, introduce errors, and lack the auditability and transparency needed for audits and appeals.

The Solution: A Data-First Foundation

 

At Smile, we believe that successful AI adoption requires moving beyond the current "model-first" hype, toward a sustainable high-quality data engine.

 

Data has to come first, because it is an organizational asset, upon which everything else is built. By prioritizing the data foundation, organizations can accelerate deployment, improve model accuracy, and drastically reduce the escalating costs of healthcare AI at scale.


The Approach: Defensible AI Models with ‘Humans-in-the-Loop’

 

Upon the FHIR and Clinical Quality Language (CQL) data foundation, a deterministic AI approach is applied.

For Prior Authorization, these computable policies are verified by a clinician, then applied consistently against unified source data on every request. While market AI tools can assist in adjudication speed, a deterministic approach goes beyond that, ensuring the auditability and clinical integrity required for healthcare decisions, without the increased tokenization costs.

 

The table below compares outcomes in Prior Authorization workflows using the common probabilistic (likelihood-based) approach with Smile’s deterministic approach.

 

 Comparing AI Approaches in Prior Authorization 

 

Probabilistic Approach Smile’s Deterministic Approach
Technology

Proprietary data platform, with FHIR® APIs, which add levels of complexity to the architecture and how data moves and is accessed.

A FHIR-native and CQL platform, which structures and standardizes data from all formats, into a secure and unified repository. Data is now high-quality, accessible and actionable.

Method

Train an LLM on authorization rules and have the LLM directly apply decisions to questions like, “Should this patient require a Prior Authorization?”.

Ask the LLM to write the CQL program that codifies the prior authorization rules. A clinician verifies the newly codified policy. The policy is run against the requirements and data to evaluate a decision.

Cost

Every time a question is asked, organizational tokens are used, which increase costs. Costs increase at scale.

Token costs are incurred at the time the CQL program is generated, which is a one-time activity. Ongoing costs for queries and running Prior Authorization are nominal, which makes running it at scale, cost-effective.

Executing the algorithm at scale (for 10 million people, for example) costs marginally more than running it for one person.

Risk

Risk increases when AI for Prior Authorization is based on a probabilistic model.

If the decision is wrong, there is no way to find the reason or audit why the error occurred (this is called ‘black-box’).

Risk is contained because human-verified CQL is executed deterministically against the data, so the same inputs produce the same decision every time, and every decision traces back to a named clinical policy.

There is full visibility and an audit trail, allowing mistakes to be easily corrected with minimal technical effort.

 


Scaling Clinical Intelligence


The solution and approach outlined above pushes the boundaries of what has been possible in healthcare for decades, unifying workflows and aligning automations that rely on the same source data.

Building progressive AI pipelines on unified and validated FHIR data source, aligns and coheres traditionally fragmented use-cases like Prior Authorization, Clinical Decision Support (CDS), Quality Measures (HEDIS® and custom measures), and Risk Adjustment.

Scaling clinical intelligence across Payer and Provider networks becomes possible with strategically implemented AI pipelines that run on unified FHIR data. Clinical intelligence is expert-validated once, shared and re-used across these different workflows, without additional costs and resources, to provide high value, appropriate care.

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